Gilas & Beaded LizardsHeloderma, the only genus of the family Helodermatidae, consists of venomous lizards native to the southwestern United States, Mexico and as far south as Guatemala. It includes two separate species, with six subspecies. Their closest living relatives are the anguid lizards.
Helodermatids (or beaded lizards) are large, stocky, slow-moving reptiles that prefer semi-arid habitats. The tails are short and used as fat storage organs. They are covered with small, non-overlapping bead-like scales, with osteoderms on the underside of the body. Both species are dark in color, with yellowish or pinkish markings.
Members of the family are venomous. Unlike snakes, venom glands are located in the lower jaw, and cannot be ejected under pressure. The venom is typically used only in defense, rather than in subduing prey, and the lizard must chew on its victim to work the venom into the flesh. Venom glands are believed to have evolved early in the lineage leading to the modern helodermatids, as there are indications of their presence even in the 65-million-year-old fossil genus Paraderma. Venom production among lizards was long thought to be unique to this genus, but may be present in several monitor lizards and agamids as well.This controversial new view holds that venom production dates back to the common ancestor of the clade Toxicofera, which includes all snakes and 13 families of lizards.
Helodermatids are carnivorous, preying on rodents and other small mammals, and eating the eggs of birds and reptiles. They are oviparous, laying large clutches of eggs.
Heloderma
Beaded Lizard Heloderma horridum
- Mexican beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum horridum, (Wiegmann, 1829)
- Black beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum alvarezi, (Bogert & Martên del Campo, 1956)
- Rio Fuerte beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum exasperatum, (Bogert & Martên Del Campo, 1956)
- Motagua Valley beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti, (Campbell & Vannini, 1988)
Gila monster Heloderma suspectum
- Reticulate Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum suspectum, (Cope, 1869)
- Banded Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum cinctum, (Bogert & Martên Del Campo, 1956)
